Effects of infrastructures on environmental quality contingent on trade openness and governance dynamics in Africa

Recently, Africa has witnessed an upsurge in its infrastructure endowments mostly attributed to developments the ICT sector. At same time, while CO2 emission is reducing other regions such as Europe, rather witnessing upsurge. The objective of this study evaluate: (i) effects infrastructures on and (ii) how trade openness governance contribute mitigating these effects. results from system GMM methodology for 36 African countries between 2003-2019 period show that infrastructural development exacerbates Africa. This result robust across different types indexes. When indirect effect regressions are carried out by interacting with variables, following obtained. Firstly, interacts producing a positive net effect, up threshold estimate 0.532 when nullified. Secondly, interact negative 78.066914 (% GDP) Positive synergy also apparent. Practical policy implications discussed based